Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Savonius Vertical Wind Turbine. A short summary of this paper. Hassan Darhmaoui, Dr. And that I have held the safety of the public to be paramount and have addressed this in the presented design wherever may be applicable.
Beside my supervisors, I would like to thank the school of Science and Engineering and the Honors Program for providing us with a multidisciplinary background that allows us to tackle real world problems.
This project is the fruit of not only hard work but also support of friends and family, without whom it could not have been completed. Special gratitude is extended to my family: My mother for her patience, sacrifice, and endless support; and my brother, Achraf, for his excitement to hear about the smallest updates, and his support.
I am grateful for the many lessons they taught me, and for their precious advice all along the past 4 years at AUI. The building process could not have been completed without the amazing assistance and work of Mr.
Abdelkader Balouk from the grounds and maintenance department. I would like to thank him for taking the time to help us, and having the patience to deal with our lack of experience. Warm thanks to all the friends who helped along the way, from running the simulations, to going on trips to purchase the materials, and setting up the physical tests. Three Blades In order to do so, first a literature review is carried out to understand the theory behind wind turbines and to understand the different types and characteristics of VAWT.
Computer simulations, both 2D and 3D, are run to understand the characteristics of a Savonius rotor, and to obtain its pressure profile when subjected to a wind flow.
A physical model of both designs is built to physically test and compare the performance of the two designs under different conditions. From the different steps, we concluded that Icewind does show a better performance on all fronts.
Not only is it more efficient —for the same cost-, but it is more accepted by the public. The desired unlimited growth based on limited stock of fossil fuels, is not only unrealistic, but also extremely detrimental to the fragile systems on earth. As sea ice keeps melting, and global temperatures keep rising, the consequences of human action are already felt across the world.
Longer droughts in usually fertile regions and catastrophic floods in dry regions are signs of a greater disaster that humanity is causing. In the face of climate change deniers, and unimaginably wealthy and powerful oil companies, the change is indeed challenging, but extremely necessary.
The switch to more sustainable means to satisfy our ever-increasing energy demand has never been so urgent, as the scientific community is sounding the alarm for an eminent environmental disaster. Clean energy sources are not only an alternative to the limited fossil fuel reserve, but are also a way to help undo the damage we have caused. Around the world, researchers are investigating cheaper, renewable and more reliable energy sources. Solar and wind energy being the two most common renewable sources, are the most active research fields.
They are at the center of clean energy innovation. With the sun and the wind being practically an inexhaustible power source, the ability to convert this energy to electricity may be the solution to most of our energy problems.
In the recent years, there have been an exponential growth in the use of small-scale green energy technologies. This further emphasizes the need of innovation in this field, especially for small-scale applications.
Hence, the field of renewable energies is not only environmentally attractive, but politically, and economically as well. These claims usually manage to raise substantial funds, as this field is very attractive for investors, even though the claim is often not supported. Icewind, a startup in Iceland, proposes an innovative design based on the classic Savonius vertical wind turbine. They claim that their design performs better than the basic turbine, and they plan to go on the market in the coming months.
They have launched many funding campaigns and have obtained a research grant from the Icelandic government. Their website does not present any detailed description of the design or its performance, as they are very secretive about it, to remain competitive.
Our research first establishes a performance benchmark of a classic Savonius turbine, and then compares the results and draws conclusions accordingly. Our research question is therefore whether the Icewind turbine design performs better than the classic Savonius Turbine Design.
We will follow a rigorous scientific method in which claims are confirmed or denied based on results obtained from the analysis we will perform.
This project will make use of the knowledge learned in the different mechanics, design, engineering process, as well computer simulations classes. It will also reinforce knowledge of the scientific research process, and serve as introduction to hands-on engineering and fabrication, a field that our university lacks. In order to better understand what people think of this design, we will perform a consumer behavior study that will compare the appeal of the Icewind design to that of the barrel design.
Human beings have always attempted to tame nature, and make the relationship between us and nature one of master and slave. The truth, however, is that nature will always win. It will adapt, and any damage we cause to its systems will result in our destruction first.
This project serves as a small step in the advancement of the field of small-scale renewable energy generation. Since currently, a lot of funding is available for the field of renewables; many researchers and companies are tapping into this, without producing tangible results or even a sound design.
We hope to learn how to deal with such a claim — in this case, the particular claims of Icewind about their particular design. Socially, this project aims to provide an alternative small-scale clean energy generation for people with no access and no connection to the grid. These could be people living in remote areas with constant wind strong enough to run a small rotor. The project also aims at increasing awareness of issues of energy and the environment by making the use of renewable sources easy and widespread.
Technologically, the project is centered on designing and building an innovative Vertical Axis Wind Turbine by reverse engineering designs available on the market. The project also involves experimentally testing the performance of Savonius rotors by using both computer simulations and physical tests.
By working towards the objectives mentioned before, we are actively taking part in the efforts to develop renewable energy technologies and to solve our energy problems. Environmentally, the project provides a clean alternative to fossil fuel based generation, which will reduce our environmental footprint.
By making use of a renewable and inexhaustible energy source wind , we will be decreasing the energy related emissions. Economically, designing and testing an alternative design of wind turbines provides a cheaper way to utilize the energy of the wind as we are building a cheaper vertical rotor. The project also aims at demonstrating the public appeal that a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine design has by performing a consumer behavior study. Politically, we hope that this project would serve as step towards reducing our country's energy dependence.
By proving the usefulness of cheap alternatives, we are helping in pushing political action to promote the use and integration of renewable energies. Morocco pledged to generate more green energy, and our project represents a step in this direction. The project also allows for small-scale energy generation according the Ethically, this project aims to reduce and undo the vast damage we caused to our environmental systems.
By working on renewable energy sources, we take part in the global action to protect the environment. Moreover, the project tests the claims of the Icewind Company in an objective scientific manner to reach well-supported conclusions. Finally, the project provides people with a clean alternative energy source and empowers people with no access to conventional energy sources.
The potential onshore wind energy is of course not entirely usable, as the wind might be too slow or too fast for practical applications. Some of the locations are also very remote and very far from consumption hubs, making the energy transportation not economically viable.
Wind turbine sizes vary drastically and have known massive developments in the last decades. The average size in the s was less than kW [1]; nowadays the size can reach up to 8 MW like the Vestas V, a horizontal axis offshore wind turbine [3]. We will explore these types in details in the coming sections.
The kinetic energy from the flow of a mass of air is transformed to rotational kinetic energy. This rotational energy is then used as mechanical energy to run machine parts to pump water out of a well, mill grains, or generate electricity. It states that there is a maximum power that can be extracted from a flow of air. Because of conservation of momentum and of mass, energy can never be fully extracted from wind. Thus according to this law, no turbine can extract all the speed out of the flowing wind, and the wind will always have a flow after passing through the turbine.
Figure 3 is a plot that shows the power coefficient of a turbine Cp the ratio of the extracted power to the available power vs. The same source argues even that this theoretical limit can be exceeded using an ideal VAWT system. However, it is reported that VAWTs are less efficient than HAWTs, and are less likely -in their current state- to exceed the limit for horizontal axis turbine [7].
An optimal value that will result in the maximum Cp is desired. Figure 4 shows the Cp lambda curve for different types of wind turbines as cited in [8]: Power Coefficient Cp Ratio of Blade Tip Speed to Wind Speed Figure 4 Power Coefficient curve for different types of turbines [8] Low tip speed ratio means not enough energy is extracted from the wind, and consequently a low Cp.
A high wind tip ratio can also result in low Cp, as well as high stresses in the blades. Therefore, it is very important to have the optimal tip speed ratio, to maximize the efficiency.
It shows the electrical energy power output vs. Every turbine has its own minimum necessary wind speed to run, as shown in the Figure.
Turbines are usually shut down at high speeds to prevent mechanical failure that would lead to a catastrophic failure of the turbine system. These are drag and lift. Drag force has the same direction as the fluid flow wind in our case , and lift forces are perpendicular to the direction of the flow. Depending on the type of the blades used, a turbine could be using either lift or drag to cause the rotational motion. Turbulence presents a major challenge for wind turbines as it makes the generation profile inconsistent and decreases the lifetime of turbine blades because of the mechanical stresses.
According to [10], predicting turbulence is as important as predicting the general weather conditions. The random and sudden changes in wind speed and direction pose many challenges on the turbine components. These components have to be able to accommodate short duration of peak loads at times of high turbulence, and have to be mechanically strong to resist the vibrations generated from the turbulent flow [10]. There are other concepts and variables that impact the performance and characteristics of turbines, such as twist angle of the blades of HAWTs, pitch angle, friction In this section, we will briefly look at the principal, advantages, and challenges of this type of turbines.
There are multiple factors that determine design of horizontal wind turbine, from material choice for the blades and stress distribution, to turbulence effects and vibrations.
As this project deals principally with Savonius vertical wind turbines, we will only give a brief introduction of HAWTs. This is a result of the aerofoil shape of the blades of the HAWTs. The aerofoil blade design works like an airplane wing.
The difference of pressure between the two sides of the blade results in a lift force that is perpendicular to the blade and hence makes it rotate. The higher the tower, the higher the wind speed, and the longer the blades, the larger the area swept and the power output. The rotor is attached to a shaft which goes through a gearbox and then to a generator.
A good blade design suitable for a wind turbine is one with a high lift to drag ratio, as this maximizes the power output of the turbine. By designing the blade in such a way to maximize lift and minimize drag, most of the wind energy is going to turn the rotor, and hence produce more power [8].
Their massive sizes, allows for large-scale generation, and their variable pitch angle allows for using an optimal angle of attack which increases their efficiency. HAWTs are based on a very mature technology, and their high efficiencies offer a very competitive energy source for both onshore and offshore applications. However, they do have many disadvantages discussed in the following section.
This usually makes them less socially acceptable than other renewable sources. HAWTs are very difficult to design and build. There are many variables that go into designing the perfect blade for a horizontal wind turbine, this makes them rather expensive and difficult to maintain.
They require a strong support to carry the heavy load and resist vibrations. HAWTs also require an expensive and sophisticated yaw mechanism to turn the rotor, as they always have to face the direction of the wind.
VAWTs do not require a yaw mechanism and are very fixed in the sense that no change to their direction or that of the blade is made once installed. The lack of a yaw mechanism is one of the reasons VAWTs are not as expensive or complicated to make. This makes them ideal for small-scale applications such as remote areas with very small electric load.
Their blades do not require a mechanism to change their angle as they work with any wind direction. In addition to this, the small size means they can be integrated easily within an urban setting, and present no danger to the wildlife in rural areas.
They still share many components with HAWTs however, such as the shaft, the gearbox, the tower, and the generator unit. The placement of these units is different, since in VAWTs the gearbox and generator are placed at the base of the unit and do not require as much support as HAWTs. This means easier access for maintenance and repairs, which lowers the overall cost of such systems. As mentioned before, the way the Betz limit is derived uses some assumptions that are not applicable to VAWTs.
Their small capacity makes them ideal for light load application such as communication systems in remote areas. VAWTs can be used for large capacity installations, but the materials needed and the massive investment make them undesirable [12].
They were designed and first fabricated by the French aeronautical engineer Georges Jean Marie Darrieus in the s. Their working principle is quite different from that of horizontal axis turbines, even though they both rely on the forces of lift.
After the turbine starts rotating, the motion of its blades through the air creates an apparent wind that is relative to the rotating blades. This relative airflow is added to the wind resulting in a force combination. This creates a force that causes a net positive torque in the rotor, making it rotate in the same direction it had originally.
If the Darrieus turbine is stationary, most of the time the wind will not cause it to move, as it is the combination of the airflow resulting from the motion of the blades and the wind that sustains the motion, and not just the wind. The Darrieus rotor has to be started by spinning it until it reaches its operation speed, which represents a major disadvantage.
Figure 8 illustrates its working principle [14]. So the working fluid changes the pressure as it moves across the turbine and gives energy. Power recapitulates from both the Hydrostatic head and kinetic energy of the following water. From the penstock, the water is coming to enter into the casing A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for the production of electric power.
A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area. Wind turbines use around 0. For example, Gansu Wind Farm, the largest wind. Offshore wind energy is the clean and renewable energy obtained by taking advantage of the force of the wind that is produced on the high seas, where it reaches a higher and more constant speed than on land due to the absence of barriers.
In order to make the most of this resource, mega-structures are installed that are seated on the seabed and equipped with the latest technical innovations. Franceis and are used for medium head m and medium discharge. Cross-section of a vertical wind turbine. Credit: energy. According to a report issued by the Department of Energy in March of , the growth of wind power in the United States could lead to. The wind has its kinetic energy as it nothing but the flow of atmospheric air.
A wind turbine is a machine which utilizes the kinetic energy of wind to produce rotational mechanical energy in its shaft. The rotational motion of the shaft turns an electrical generator to generate electricity. There are mainly two types of wind turbine available one is the horizontal axis type another is vertical. Working of Wind Power System. Wind energy is also one of the renewable energy resources that can be used for generating electrical energy with wind turbines coupled with generators.
There are various advantages of wind energy, such as wind turbines power generation, for mechanical power with windmills, for pumping water using wind pumps, and so on A wind turbine is a device that converts the wind's kinetic energy into electrical energy.. Wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, with either horizontal or vertical axes. It is estimated that hundreds of thousands of large turbines, in installations known as wind farms, now generate over gigawatts of power, with 60 GW added each year.
KidWind sells the. For a classroom of 25 kids we recommend having at least three turbines for blade testing. Below is a parts list for this wind turbine. Primarily the design is driven by the aerodynamic requirements, but economics mean that the blade shape is a compromise to keep the cost of con-struction reasonable wind turbine and data used for this work, followed by a description of the detection algorithm approaches, results, discussion, and concluding remarks.
A condition-based monitoring CBM system must be designed to provide maximum benefit for its cost. Since no. The power harvested from these two sources was led to a charge controller to regulate the rate of flow of current produced 3.
Disadvantages of. Any actual wind energy planning effort on the Outer Continental Shelf would require comprehensive stakeholder engagement and analysis of all relevant data for siting.
Figure ES-1 shows an offshore wind speed map of Oregon with the five selected study sites. The system that accomplishes the conversion of wind energy to electricity is called a. This semester you will design and construct a wind turbine and explore some of the engineering principles involved.
The Nature of Wind. The circulation of air in the atmosphere is caused by the non-uniform heating of the earth's surface by the sun. The air immediately above a warm area expands, it is forced upward by cool, denser air which flows in from surrounding areas causing wind Course Syllabus. Week 0: Getting started Introduction to the learning environment, to the teachers and to your fellow learners..
Week 1: Wind turbine technology A brief history of wind turbines for electricity production and an overview of the configurations and components of modern wind turbines.. Week 2: Wind climate and energy yield The mechanisms that create wind, the variation of wind. Following this, he worked on the design, construction, commissioning and operation of both the 3 MW LS1 wind turbine on. How does a turbine generate electricity? A turbine, like the ones in a wind farm, is a machine that spins around in a moving fluid liquid or gas and catches some of the energy passing by.
All sorts of machines use turbines, from jet engines to hydroelectric power plants and from diesel railroad locomotives to windmills. There are two basic types of wind turbines: those with a horizontal axis, and those with a a vertical axis. The majority of wind turbines have a horizontal axis: a propeller-style design with blades that rotate around a horizontal axis.
Horizontal axis turbines are either upwind the wind hits the blades before the tower or downwind the wind hits the tower before the blades. Upwind turbines also include a yaw drive and motor -- components that turns the nacelle to keep the rotor facing the wind when its direction changes. While there are several manufacturers of vertical axis wind turbines, they have not penetrated the utility scale market kW capacity and larger to the same degree as horizontal access turbines.
Vertical axis turbines fall into two main designs:. Wind Turbines are used in a variety of applications — from harnessing offshore wind resources to generating electricity for a single home:. To ensure future growth of the U. Wind turbines offer a unique opportunity to harness energy in areas where our country's populations need it most.
This includes offshore wind's potential to provide power to population centers near coastlines, and land-based wind's ability to deliver electricity to rural communities with few other local sources of low carbon power.
The Energy Department continues working to deploy wind power in new areas on land and at sea and ensuring the stable, secure integration of this power into our nation's electrical grid. To participate in the discussion, submit your questions in advance on social media using HowEnergyWorks or via email to newmedia hq. This interactive map is not viewable in your browser. Please view it in a modern browser. What is a Wind Turbine?
How Does a Wind Turbine Work? Types of Wind Turbines There are two basic types of wind turbines: those with a horizontal axis, and those with a a vertical axis.
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